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The thin-layer cascade (TLC) system is an open system for microalgae cultivation\udcomposed of a retention tank connected by pump and pipes to a horizontal exposed area that consists\udof an upper basin and a TLC. Light and hydrodynamics are different among compartments,\udso overall photosynthetic activity can be influenced by the retention time of the cells in each compartment.\udWe established 2 settings with different retention times in the cascade and tank to compare\udthe photosynthetic activity of Chlorella fusca (Chlorophyta) among compartments. Changes\udin the retention time were achieved using 2 layer thicknesses in the cascade: 8 and 18 mm. Retention\udtime in the cascade represented about 16 and 34% of the duration of a whole system cycle\udwhen H1 (8 mm thickness) and H2 (18 mm thickness) units, respectively, were used. These retention\udperiods were lower than those in the tank (67 and 49%, respectively) but higher than those in\udthe basin (12% for both H1 and H2). Photosynthetic activity was measured in situ as relative electron\udtransport rate (rETR) using a pulse-amplitude modulated fluorometer. In both setups, the\udhighest rETR was reached in the cascade. The increase of the layer thickness was a good option\udto avoid photoinhibition. We suggest estimating the mean rETR of the whole system considering\udthe retention time, since it can better reflect overall growth because it takes into account the time\udthat the cells spend in each compartment. These results are useful for optimization of photo -\udsynthetic activity and growth of outdoor microalgae mass cultures in TLCs for biotechnological\udpurposes.This study was supported by the government\udof Spain (Project Ecolife CGL08-05407-C03-01)\udand Junta de Andalucía (research group Photobiology and\udBiotechnology of Aquatic Organisms, RNM-295). The 9th\udInternational GAP Workshop was financed by the Action\udCTM2011-15659-E (Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness).\udC.G.J. thanks the FPU Grant of the Ministry of Education\udof Spain. The authors thank David López, a member of\udthe Unit of Photobiology of the University of Málaga, for his\udtechnical assistance. J.M. was also supported by the Ministry\udof Education, Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic,\udproject Algatech CZ.1.05/2.1.00/03.0110Peer reviewe

Hydrodynamics and photosynthesis performance of Chlorella fusca (Chlorophyta) grown in a thin-layer cascade (TLC) system