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Groundwater can be an important source of nutrients and energy to aquatic ecosystems, but quantifying the inputs and biogeochemical importance remains challenging. A series of submerged ground- water vents in northern Lake Huron were examined to determine the linkage between groundwater nutrients and aquatic food webs. We collected samples of key food-web components from groundwater vent and reference habitats and analyzed them for 13 C, 15 N, and 34 S isotopes. Dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the groundwater was depleted in 13 C, while aqueous sul- fate was enriched in 34 S (mean differences between groundwater and reference sites were -3.9‰ and +12.0‰, respectively). Benthic primary producers, macroinvertebrates, and benthivorous fish had signifi- cantly lower δ 13 C values in groundwater environ- ments, and benthivorous fish were somewhat depleted (-2.5‰) in δ 34 S at groundwater sites compared to ref- erence sites. However, δ 15 N values were not different between groundwater and reference sites, and pelagic components of the ecosystems (plankton and planktiv- orous and piscivorous fish) were similar in both δ 13 C and δ 15 N. These data suggest benthic metazoan com- munities surrounding groundwater vents are partially linked to groundwater-derived benthic primary pro- duction, while planktivorous and piscivorous commu- nities not directly associated with the benthos do not rely on groundwater nutrients.

Benthic macroinvertebrate and fish communities in Lake Huron are linked to submerged groundwater vents