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Dear Editor, Anterior transposition of the inferior oblique (IO) muscle is an effective treatment for dissociative vertical deviation (DVD) when associated with IO muscle overaction [1]. By transposing the insertion of the IO muscle anterior to the equator, a force vector of the IO muscle converts from elevation to depression, which in turn reduces DVD [1]. After the procedure, the superior rectus muscle has a partial abducting vector, and the lateral rectus muscle has a partial vector for depression, secondary to the substantial residual extorsion [2]. This procedure can cause limitations of elevation in abduction in the operated eye as well as marked upshoot of the contralateral adducting eye that mimics recurrent or new overaction of the IO muscle of the other eye. This adverse outcome has been named the antielevation syndrome [3]. The antielevation syndrome has been shown to occur more frequently if the new insertion of the IO muscle is placed anterior to the inferior rectus muscle insertion or if the posterior lateral fibers of the IO muscle are spread out substantially rather than bunched up with the anterior nasal corner. It is also more likely to occur if some of the IO muscle is resected inadvertently by suture placement proximal to the insertion [3]. We report a long-standing antielevation syndrome with a V pattern exotropia following bilateral anterior transposition of IO muscles. An 11-year-old boy, who had a history of bilateral anterior transposition of the IO muscles for bilateral IO overaction at 2 years of age at another hospital, presented at Konyang University Hospital for intermittent exotropia with an abnormal ‘chin-up’ head position. He had a significant 40 prism diopters (PD) exotropia and 6 PD right hypotropia in the primary position that increased to 50 PD exotropia on upgaze and improved to 20 PD exotropia in downgaze. The right hypotropia was 20 PD in the straight right gaze and was reversed to 14 PD for the left hypotropia in the straight left gaze. On the extraocular motility examination, there were limitations of elevation in abduction of -4 and an IO muscle overaction of +4 in both eyes (Fig. 1A). Fundus photography revealed severe excyclotorsion in both eyes (Fig. 1B). Antielevation syndrome was suspected and treated with bilateral extirpation without denervation of IO muscles and a bilateral lateral rectus recession of 8.0 mm. Intraoperatively, there were mild adhesions between the IO muscles and the surrounding tissues; the anterior fibers of the IO muscle were placed 3 mm anterior to the inferior

Antielevation Syndrome after Bilateral Anterior Transposition of the Inferior Oblique Muscles