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Although the opportunity to discuss infectious complications in solid organ transplantation is increasing in Japan as elsewhere, the length of clinical experience in extra-renal transplantation is still short and even experience in living donor organ transplant is very limited except for those involving the kidney or liver transplantation. Risk of invasive fungal infection in organ transplant recipients is highly dependent on the immunocompromised status accompanying end-stage organ failure before transplant operation and on the resultant history of infectious complications. These factors as well as surgical and postoperative should be incorporated in a systematic and dynamic manner to evaluate risk of invasive fungal infection. In addition to prophylactic management based on such risk evaluation, it is desirable that preemptive treatment be started on quantification of clinical symptoms, imaging diagnosis, screening culture, and serological indices. Emergence of newer and more potent antifungal agents with lower toxicity potentially changes the concept of antifungal treatment. On the other hand, early and impression-oriented preemptive treatment has tended to increase. It is still questionable whether the knowledge obtained from Western experience can be directly applied to solid organ transplant medicine in Japan. Extensive and detailed clinical experience is mandatory to pursue diagnosis, epidemiology, and risk factors in Japan and establish our criteria for prophylactic and preemptive use of antifungal agents.

Invasive Fungal Infection in Solid Organ Transplantation: Toward Evidence-Based Prophylaxis and Preemptive Treatment