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Plants of the genus Arisaema (Araceae) are poisonous perennial herbs that produce an assemblage of fruits similar in appearance to peeled cobs of maize (sweetcorn). Since the ripe fruits are bright orange-red and very conspicuous, it has been believed that birds eat the fruits and disperse the seeds. However, although there are many species of Arisaema in Japan, there is no detailed information on their frugivores. We used automatic cameras to examine foraging on two species of Arisaema, A. limbatum and A. serratum, in secondary forests, mainly in Kanagawa Prefecture, southern Kanto District, central Japan. These species are very similar in appearance but their fruiting seasons differ: the former in midsummer, and the latter in autumn-winter. We discovered that for A. limbatum the Brown-eared Bulbul Hypsipetes amaurotis was an exclusively important frugivorous bird in the study area. However, for A. serratum, several species ̶ the Brown-eared Bulbul, Red-flanked Bluetail Tarsiger cyanurus, Pale Thrush Turdus pallidus, Copper Pheasant Syrmaticus soemmerringii, Red-billed Leiothrix Leiothrix lutea, Scaly Thrush Zoothera dauma, Brown-headed Thrush T. chrysolaus and Daurian Redstart Phoenicurus auroreus ̶ ate the red fruits. Among them, the first four species were regarded as being major frugivores of A. serratum. Twelve mammal species were confirmed in close proximity to the fruits of Arisaema. We observed that the large Japanese field mouse Apodemus speciosus foraged the fruits of A. limbatus and ate seeds rather than the fleshy fruit pulp, and so appeared to be a seed predator rather than a seed disperser. No other mammals were observed taking the fruits of Arisaema.

Frugivores of Poisonous Herbaceous Plants <i>Arisaema</i> spp. (Araceae) in the Southern Kanto District, Central Japan