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5 Introduction 6 Emergence of Intelligence Testing 8 Standardized Admissions Testing in Context 10 Social Inequities in Education 12 Statement of Problem 15 Purpose Statement 16 Research Questions 16 Theoretical Rationale 17 Categorization 17 Identification 17 Comparison 18 Assumptions 19 Background and Need 19 Review of the Literature 21 Review of the Previous Research 21 Academic Preparation 21 Knowledge Regarding Significance of SAT and College Choice 23 Cultural Disparities of SAT Scores 4 Predictive Validity of SAT Scores 27 Pre-College Variables for At-Risk Students 28 Summary of Major Themes 31 Literature Review: Influence on College Admissions Practices 32 Discussion 33 Summary of Major Findings 33 Limitations/Gaps in the Literature 33 Implications for Future Research 34 Overall Significance of the Literature 34 Conclusion 36 References 37 Cultural Disparities of SAT Scores 5 Abstract Inequalities in the distribution of education resources and cultural identification can lead to lower SAT scores for African American and Latino students. By using SAT scores as one of the primary sources to determine admission to institutions of higher education, educators may be denying minority students admission to a variety of colleges and universities, depriving the student of his or her best choice and the college of an engaged and diverse student body, and contributing to the perpetuation of inequalities in the system. The evidence contained in this literature review shows that, given the current system, those students’ SAT scores do not show a lower aptitude for school, nor do they predict a less successful college career. They merely show that, in addition to negotiating a complex and unfamiliar process, African American and Latino students must also contend with subtle and varied barriers to academic preparation. It follows logically that this added burden results in lower scores. Educators can correct the inherent unfairness in the system by becoming aware of the reasons for those lower scores, and by seeking out better ways to measure past academic success and predict college behavior. Cultural Disparities of SAT Scores 6

Cultural Disparities of SAT Scores and the Influence on Higher Education Opportunities for African American and Latino Students