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Discovery of significant oil resources in Uganda has been met with both op mism and skep cism. In as much as the country’s government argues that the discovery and exploita on of the oil will be a boost to the country’s development process, scholars, members of the poli cal opposi on and sec ons of the civil society contend that there is reason to fear for a possible oil resource curse. It is against this background that this study was undertaken; to scru nize the content, process and implementa on of the policies rela ng to exploita on of the oil and to determine whether these policies guarantee that the country will not suffer the resource curse. The study uses data generated from key informant interviews, which it augments with evidence culled from government publica ons, including policy documents and sector reports, and related literature. The study found that although the oil sector policies are comprehensive and were adopted through inclusive technical and poli cal processes, the implementa on of these policies is not transparent. Hence the country could become a vic m of the resource curse. Recommenda ons towards redressing this problem are made. BACKGROUND AND INTRODUCTION Since a ainment of poli cal independence in the 1960s and 1970s, most of the countries in the Great Lakes Region have been stuck in a vicious cycle of conflict, including the genocide in Rwanda, the conflict in Burundi, the conflict in Southern Sudan, the ethnic clashes in Western Kenya, the protracted conflict in Somalia, the ethnic clashes in various parts of DRC and rebellions by the Uganda Na onal Rescue Front, Allied Democra c Forces and West Nile Bank Front. Among other factors, the conflicts have been responsible for economic stagna on and retrogression, despite the region’s enormous natural resources endowment (OSAA, 2006). Although the conflicts have revolved around poli cal struggles for the control of the state, several studies have pointed to the significance of contested rights to access to natural resources in causing and sustaining the conflicts (Huggins et al, 2005; Muwanga, 2012; OSAA, 2006; Kameri-Mbote, 2005). However, over the last two decades, efforts at the na onal, regional and interna onal levels have helped to mi gate majority of the conflicts and peace has slowly returned to most parts of the region. Presently, a key concern the countries face pertains to the long-term sustainability of this peace. Evidence that the post-independence conflicts in the region were caused and sustained by contested rights to access natural resources lends credence to the hunch that accountable and visionary governance of the region’s natural resources that is targeted at posi ve transforma on of its poli cal economy is pivotal to the sustainability of this peace. Accordingly, the discovery (and planned exploita on) of oil resources in various parts of the region does not only present an Jacqueline Nakaiza

Natural Resource Governance, Development and Political Stability in the Great Lakes Region: Case Study of the Oil Sector in Uganda