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Picrolemma sprucei Hook. f. (Simaroubaceae) is a medicinal plant that is used throughout the Amazon region in the treatment of malaria. No previous report has been published on the biological activity or chemical composition of the fruit of this species. In the present study, antimalarial effects of the fruit from P. sprucei was evaluated. Furthermore, a rapid and simple thin-layer chromatography-photodensitometry (TLC-PD) analytical method is utilized for the semi-quantitative determination of the quassinoids isobrucein B (1) and neosergeolide (2) in P. sprucei fruit. EtOH extracts of the whole fruit, pericarp and seeds (pits) of P. sprucei exhibited high in vitro inhibitory activity (IC50 = 0.6, 1.5 and 0.2 mg/mL, respectively) against the K1 strain of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Hex, CHCl3, EtOAc, BuOH and MeOH-H2O fractions obtained by liquid-liquid partitioning of seed and pericarp EtOH extracts provided seed (IC50 = 0.01-3.7 mg/mL) and pericarp (IC50 = 0.01-9.1 mg/ mL) fractions exhibiting high inhibitory activity against P. falciparum. CHCl3 fractions had the highest in vitro antimalarial activities (IC50 = 10 ng/mL), probably due the high quassinoid content. The CHCl3 fraction of the seed extract exhibited 39.8 % (m/m) of 1 and 3.5% (m/m) of 2 while the CHCl3 fraction of the pericarp extract contained 5.0 % (m/m) of each quassinoids. The antiplasmodial activity of the fractions was due presumably to quassinoid and non-quassinoid active components. P. sprucei fruit pulp and pit have potential as phytotherapeutic agents.

Biological activity and quassinoid content of fruits from the amazonian medicinal plant Picrolemma sprucei (Simaroubaceae)