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Recently, ultrasound enhanced transdermal drug delivery technology (sonophoresis) has received increasing attention. Sonophoresis devices developed with various types of transducers have been patented, such as the horn-type and disk-type devices. However, the major drawbacks in drug delivery are the large physical size and weight of the conventional ultrasound transducer devices which render them to be impractical and the high electrical power requirement which is associated with mechanical fracture and fatigue, heat generation and depolarization to drive the device. On the other hand, ultrasound provides a good method for an externally controlled system, in which release rate of encapsulated drug can be changed by applying external ultrasound energy. Much of the work has been conducted using sonicators, water-bath sonicators or commercially available transducers. The operating ultrasound frequency is in the range of 20 kHz to 1.6 MHz and the sound intensities vary between 2.5 to 200 In general, the stronger the ultrasound is, the greater the possibility that the polymer membrane may be damaged by cavitations. Thus, the recovery of the permeability of the sonicated polymer membrane is crucial for its membrane-controlled release application. Also, acoustic waves of high intensity are capable of rupturing blood vessels or cells as a result of the formation and oscillation of cavities when using ultrasound to trigger the implanted polymeric devices. It is precisely these cavitation bubbles that are responsible for hemolysis and hemorrhage. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of ultrasound irradiation on the permeability of the polymer membrane at relatively low ultrasound frequency and intensity with regards to the bio-safety issues. 1 ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library

Design and fabrication of a new ultrasonic device and its application for drug delivery