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Genetic manipulation (either restraint or enhancement) of the biosynthesis pathway of α-linolenic acid (ALA) in seed oil is an important goal in  Brassica napus  breeding.  B. napus  is a tetraploid plant whose genome often harbors four and six homologous copies, respectively, of the two fatty acid desaturases  FAD2  and  FAD3 , which control the last two steps of ALA biosynthesis during seed oil accumulation. In this study, we compared their promoters, coding sequences, and expression levels in three high-ALA inbred lines 2006L, R8Q10, and YH25005, a low-ALA line A28, a low-ALA/high-oleic-acid accession SW, and the wildtype ZS11. The expression levels of most  FAD2  and  FAD3  homologs in the three high-ALA accessions were higher than those in ZS11 and much higher than those in A28 and SW. The three high-ALA accessions shared similar sequences with the promoters and CDSs of  BnFAD3.C4  and  BnFAD3.A3 . In A28 and SW, substitution of three amino acid residues in BnFAD2.A5 and BnFAD2.C5, an absence of  BnFAD2.C1  locus, and a 549 bp long deletion on the  BnFAD3.A3  promoter were detected. The profile of  BnFAD2  mutation in the two low-ALA accessions A28 and SW is different from that reported in previous studies. The mutations in  BnFAD3  in the high-ALA accessions are reported for the first time. In identifying the sites of these mutations, we provide detailed information to aid the design of molecular markers for accelerated breeding schemes.

phyton-international journal of experimental botany

Landscape of Sequence Variations in Homologous Copies of  FAD2  and  FAD3  in Rapeseed ( Brassica napus  L.) Germplasm with High/Low Linolenic Acid Trait