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The halophilic unicellular green alga  Dunaliella salina  is characterized as the distinct tolerance to high salt in the field. Normally the organism is concurrently subjected with salt and alkali stress, but the feature of  D. salina  in response to high alkali stress was not investigated before. In this study, we used high pH stress to simulate high alkali stress and found  D. salina  also showed tolerance to high alkali stress, even grown under pH at 11.0, with high cell density and chlorophyll biosynthesis. High-throughput transcriptome analysis revealed the dramatically different expression of genes associated with nitrogen metabolism, lipid and β-carotene biosynthesis after high alkali treatment. Furthermore, physiologic analysis showed that high alkali treatment induced the expression and activity of nitrate reductase (NR), which generated nitric oxide (NO) as the messenger, and ultimately induced the accumulation of lipid and β-carotene biosynthesis. Suppressing NR activity or NO generation also reduced high-alkali-induced lipid and β-carotene biosynthesis, as well as attenuated the tolerance of  D. salina  to high alkali stress. Thus, our physiologic and transcriptomic data reveal the novel function of NR-dependent NO signal during the adaptation of  D. salina  to high alkali stress, through inducing the biosynthesis of lipid and β-carotene biosynthesis.

Physiologic and Transcriptomic Insights into the High Alkali Response of Dunaliella salina