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Ferulic acid (FA) and  p -coumaric acid ( p CA) in bagasse, wheat straw, corn straw, and corncob were extracted by alkaline hydrolysis and characterized by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was found that the FA and most of the  p CA in gramineous biomass could be dissociated and released after being treated with 1 M NaOH at 100°C for 4 h. The yields of  p CA/FA in bagasse, wheat straw, corn straw, and corncob determined by GC-FID are 39.8/11.5, 13.7/11.0, 28.0/11.0, and 35.1/14.5 mg/g, respectively. The raw materials and the treated solid residues were characterized by gel-state 2D Heteronuclear Single Quantum Coherence Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (2D HSQC NMR). It was found that only a small amount of lignin was detected in the residue after alkali treatment, indicating that the alkali treatment conditions can effectively cleave the FA and  p CA. Additionally, the lignin in the alkali solution was recovered and characterized by 2D HSQC NMR. The FA was not able to be detected by NMR, whereas a small amount of  p CA remained in the alkali lignin. This study reveals the structural change of residual lignins during the quantitative isolation of FA and  p CA, which is essential for the selective isolation of  p CA/FA and valorization of residual alkali lignin.

Quantitative Extraction of p -Coumaric Acid and Ferulic Acid in Different Gramineous Materials and Structural Changes of Residual Alkali Lignin