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Steady, laminar mixed convection inside a lid-driven square cavity filled with nanofluid is investigated numerically. We consider the case where the right and left walls are moving downwards and upwards respectively and maintained at different temperatures while the other two horizontal ones are kept adiabatic and impermeable. The set of nonlinear coupled governing mass, momentum, and energy equations are solved using an extensively validated and a highly accurate finite difference method of fourth-order. Comparisons with previously conducted investigations on special configurations are performed and show an excellent agreement. Meanwhile, attention is focused on the heat transfer enhancement when different nano-particles: Cu, Ag, Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2  and Fe 3 O 4  are incorporated separately in different base fluids such as: Water, Ethylene-glycol, Methanol and Kerosene oil. In this framework, the numerical results related to several mixtures are presented and concern flow pattern and heat transfer curves for various values of Richardson number [Ri = 0.1, 1 and 10]. It turns out that the choice of the efficient binary mixture for an optimal heat transfer depends not only on the thermophysical properties of the nanofluids but also on the range of the Richardson number. Special attention is devoted to shedding light on the effect of the shape of the nanoparticles on the heat transfer in the case of Water-Ag nanofluid. It is concluded that the spherical shape is more suitable for a better heat transfer enhancement in comparison to the cylindrical ones.

fluid dynamics and materials processing

Mixed Convection in a Two-Sided Lid-Driven Square Cavity Filled with Different Types of Nanoparticles: A Comparative Study Assuming Nanoparticles with Different Shapes