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The regulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) synthesis involves neurotransmitters, with melatonin being a subject of ongoing debate. TSH transcription, synthesis, and secretion from the pituitary pars distalis (PD) is primarily regulated in a photoperiodic manner by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). In contrast, in the pituitary pars tuberalis (PT), mRNA transcription and alpha/beta chain synthesis, but not secretion, of a TSH-like product is regulated by melatonin. Conversely, non-photoperiodic melatonin might also affect the secretion of a TSH-like product from the PT. Nevertheless, the impact of exogenous melatonin on the underlying PD-TSH synthesis remains unclear. Casein kinase 1α (CK1α) plays a negative regulatory role in TSH synthesis in the mouse pituitary.Objective    We investigated whether non-photoperiodic melatonin affects PD-TSH synthesis through its interaction with CK1α.Methods    Immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining detected the colocalization of the melatonin receptor MT1 with CK1α and TSH-β in the PD. RT-qPCR, western blotting, and ELISA revealed the effect of melatonin on  Tshb  mRNA,  MTNR1A  mRNA,  Csnk1a1  mRNA, CK1α protein, MT1 protein, and TSH levels.Results    Robust colocalization of the melatonin receptor MT1 with CK1α and TSH-β in the PD.  Tshb  mRNA and CK1α protein expression levels peaked at opposite phases of the 24-h light:dark cycle. Exogenous melatonin administration promoted pituitary TSH synthesis, while concurrently inhibiting CK1α activity. The upregulation of endogenous CK1α activity in primary pituitary cells significantly blunted the melatonin stimulatory impact on  Tshb  mRNA and TSH levels. Mechanistically, the CK1α agonist pyrvinium abrogated melatonin-induced activation of p-PKC and p-CREB expression  in vitro .Conclusion    The CK1α/PKC signaling pathway mediates the regulation of melatonin in pituitary TSH synthesis. We demonstrate an important theoretical and experimental basis for understanding the mechanism of endocrine system diseases caused by abnormal TSH synthesis in the pituitary.

The regulatory role of melatonin in pituitary thyroid-stimulating hormone synthesis through casein kinase 1α