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VARIATIONS IN INDIVIDUALISTIC AND COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURAL ORIENTATION AND THE PROTECTIVE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO RESILIENCE: COMPARISONS FROM JAMAICA, RWANDA, AND THE UNITED STATES by Stacey Ann Nicely Chair: Ronald D. Coffen ABSTRACT OF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH DissertationOF GRADUATE STUDENT RESEARCH Dissertation Andrews University School of Education Title: VARIATIONS IN INDIVIDUALISTIC AND COLLECTIVISTIC CULTURAL ORIENTATION AND THE PROTECTIVE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO RESILIENCE: COMPARISONS FROM JAMAICA, RWANDA, AND THE UNITED STATES Name of researcher: Stacey Ann Nicely Name and degree of faculty chair: Ronald D. Coffen, Ph.D. Date completed: April 2019 Problem Despite the advancement in resilience research, and although mental health professionals are encouraged to become culturally competent, it is still unclear how I/C cultural orientation influence various protective factors that contribute to resilience. Individualists emphasize independence and autonomy while collectivists emphasize interdependence and in-group consensus (Hofstede, 1991; Markus & Kitayama, 1991). Therefore, it is expected that the protective factors that promote resilience will also operate differently for individualists as compared to collectivists (Triandis, 1995). Yet, mental health practitioners have very little information available to them to guide their intervention efforts with individualists and collectivists. When practitioners work with individuals who have experienced trauma, it is necessary that intervention strategies are aligned with clients’ subjective cultural orientation in order to prevent further injury to clients (Allen & Smith, 2015) and best promote positive outcomes. Therefore, this study was expected to clarify which protective factors are influential for individualists as compared to collectivists. Method This study employed a descriptive, non-experimental, correlational, online survey research methodology to collect quantitative data. Snowball sampling was employed to recruit participants from Jamaica, Rwanda, and the U.S. The Class Climate survey link was distributed via email invitations, postings on social media (Facebook, LinkedIn), and a posting on one professional organization’s web page. Participants were required to be 18 years or older, residing in Jamaica, Rwanda, or the U.S. (natives only), and having experienced a traumatic life event. A demographics questionnaire collected relevant demographic characteristics of the sample. The Traumatic Life Events Questionnaire (TLEQ) measured lifetime experience of trauma. The Cultural Orientation Scale (COS) measured normative and evaluative cultural orientation. The Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) and the ConnorDavidson Resilience Scale-25 (CD-RISC-25) spirituality scale measured resilience as a process (assessed multi-level protective factors). The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) measured resilience as an outcome (bouncing back).

Variations in Individualistic and Collectivistic Cultural Orientation and the Protective Factors that Contribute to Resilience: Comparisons from Jamaica, Rwanda, and the United States