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Organ trafficking is one the most heinous crime committed worldwide, which includes forced labor, slavery and removal of various human organs According to the United nations office of drugs and crime, human trafficking is believed to be the most profitable business (1). Over the years shortage of organs transplant waiting list has somehow made well off foreigners to travel to poor countries for transplant, which is commonly referred as transplant tourism. Moreover that approximately 10 per cent of the 63,000 kidney transplantations across the globe involves transaction between non-related donors of different nationalities (2). Organ transplantation is removal of tissues from human from either a living or dead person for the transplantation as treatment In simple words transplant tourism can be explained as an individual suffering from life-threatening and irrevocable organ failure travels to other country for organ transplantation (3). United States trafficking in person (TIP) has reported that Pakistan has become haven for transit and destination country in terms of forced labor and sexual mistreatment (4). Pakistan over the years has become hub for illegal renal transplants before to commence the renal transplantation rule. In addition to that World health organization report has stated that top five culprit countries for organ-trafficking includes China, Colombia, Egypt and Pakistan, whereas kidneys are the most common organ which has been trafficked as it can be easily removed and preserved (5). Previously, in Pakistan approximately 6,500 kidneys are sold every year, moreover there are reports that intestines, pancreas and lungs are sold in black market of organs within the country. Kidney transplantation in Pakistan started between living donors in hospitals in 1980. However organ trafficking in Pakistan began in early 90's in which majority unrelated transplant started on wealthy foreigners who wanted to buy cheap organs from black market. Also the private clinics in the country began to take advantage from this illegal organ business since there was no explicit law prohibiting organ trafficking and illegal transplantation. There is no precise data regarding transplant tourism as to how many foreigners travelled to Pakistan specifically for organ transplantation (6). Legal issues The Government of Pakistan Supreme Court ruling formulated Transplantation of Human Organs and Tissues bill 2007. The bill explicitly proposes various procedures including restraints on organ donation only to close blood relatives above 18 years of age. This bill also strictly recommends 10 year jail sentence for any individual involved in illegal organ trade business. Pakistan has still no law regarding transplantation of organs from dead persons. Hence meticulous effort is expected from Government and its law enforcement apparatus along with public health sectors to put an end to this savage organ trade business (5). Islamic perspective on organ donation In the light of various Islamic laws on organ donation, it can be concluded that treatment of any kind of ailment is permissible and obligatory. However mutilation of organs and violations of dead corpse is severely prohibited. Moreover it is permissible for any person to donate organ from his body to save life of any individual in need of any organ. But according to Islamic laws organs should not be sold and thus be donated to people in need according to a proper procedure. Pakistan is a country with low literacy rate therefore increases awareness regarding bioethical issues to articulate considered opinion in implementing laws associated to organ transplantation. Clerics and religious scholars should be taken in loop for their judgment while formulating laws and rules about bioethical issues (6). Ethical issues Ethical theories narrate universal moral duties and many people consider it to be either religious or ethical code for having empathy and compassion to fellow human being and treating them as one wishes to be treated by others (7). Decision making for organ transplantation involves bioethical principles like autonomy, beneficence and justice. Therefore health security of each individual should be the principal goal of healthcare policies and Organ Transplantation, Ethics Maryam Sultan Khan

ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION, ETHICS, AND ROLE OF MEDICAL COMMUNITY AND MEDIA IN PAKISTAN