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Immunotherapeutic agents are the type of drugs modifying main components of immune system or cytokine production. Their use began in 1960s. Considering wide range of immunotherapeutic agents, indications should be addressed based on the mechanisms of their action. Clinically, immunotherapeutic agents (as a part of complex treatment) reduce the duration and severity of infection diseases as well as the need for antibiotics. Among novel agents, polymuramyl (combination of glucosamine muramyl tripeptide, glucosamine muramyl tetrapeptide, and glucosamine muramyl tripeptide dimer) is of interest. This agent is a specific ligand of NOD1 and NOD2 receptors and an agonist of pattern-recognizing receptors — an activator of the production of regulatory cytokines, phagocytes, natural killer cells and natural killer T cells (a group of T cells sharing properties of both natural killer cells and T cells), TLR4-receptors. Polymuramyl as a part of complex treatment promotes anti-infectious protection affecting both local and innate immunity in chronic infectious inflammatory disorders (i.e., abscess, phlegmon, furuncle, paraproctitis etc.) in patients with secondary immunodeficiency and genetically determined immunodeficiency disorders (aglobulinemia, hypoglobulinemia). Polymuramyl is a novel therapeutic modality to correct immunodeficiency disorders.

Muramyl peptides: mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and future applications in medicine