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During its history, the air transportation system has evolved continuously through the integration of new technologies. During the last 20–30 years, revolutionary advances in cyber(computing, communications, control) technologies have been pervasively translated to the airspace system, bringing about significant improvements in system performance as well as changes to operational paradigms. These new technologies are quite diverse in scope and function, ranging from Required Navigation Performance (RNP) hardware/software to decision aids for air traffic controllers, new weather radar systems, and connectivity for aircraft passengers and crew. Taken as a whole, the new technologies being deployed in the airspace system have the potential to enable system-level autonomy and coordination to a far greater extent than in the traditional system. Despite the extensive integration of cyber technologies in the airspace system, strategic traffic management (i.e., coordinated management of traffic flows at a system-wide scale and a multi-hour look-ahead time horizon) largely remains a manual process. For instance, in the United States National Airspace System (NAS), personnel from the Air Traffic Control System Command Center (ATCSCC), Air Route Traffic Control Centers (ARTCCs, or Centers), and the airlines collaborate on a strategic plan via an early-morning teleconference, and communicate revisions as needed throughout the day. While traffic-management personnel have some basic forecasting tools available to them for the strategic horizon, strategic-plan development is largely driven by historical knowledge, operator expertise, and the (sometimes competing) interests of the stakeholders involved in the teleconference. The relative lack of automation in strategic traffic management, as compared to other aspects of air transportation operations, is understandable for several reasons. First, traffic management has traditionally been primarily a regional exercise, with the need for strategic (system-wide, long-term) management only developing gradually as traffic densities increased. In addition, strategic management only indirectly impacts safety and instead is driven by longer-term operational and economic considerations, while automation in air transportation has naturally been focused on safetyand timecritical problems. Third, the strategic management problem is enormously complex, requiring coordination and control of multiple regional authorities and thousands of aircraft, suffering from large uncertainty (due to weather, departure-time variations, etc.), entailing design of specialized legacy management mechanisms, and involving multi-faceted and ill-defined performance metrics.

Models and tools for strategic air traffic flow management: Special issue overview