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Most laparoscopic surgery simulation systems are expensive and complex. To overcome these problems, this study presents a novel three-dimensional tracking method for laparoscopic surgical instruments that uses only a single camera and fiducial markers. The proposed method does not require any mechanical parts to measure the three-dimensional positions/orientations of surgical instruments and the opening angle of graspers. We implemented simple and cost-effective hardware using the proposed method and successfully combined it with virtual simulation software for laparoscopic surgery.

3D Tracking of Surgical Instruments Using a Single Camera for Laparoscopic Surgery Simulation