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During the mid-nineteenth century, the advent of multiple gold rushes swept foreign populations into what is now known as the British Columbia Interior, bringing a variety of European languages to the homeland of a multitude of Indigenous languages. In order to bridge communication gaps between these populations, Chinook Jargon, a composite trade pidgin, quickly spread. The Jargon or “Wawa” became so common that, in the last decade of the century, Catholic priest Father J. M. R. Le Jeune developed and standardized a shorthand writing system for the Jargon—Chinuk pipa—and used it to publish a popular local newspaper. At the same time, residential schools began operating in the region, and English was aggressively promoted; however, contrary to expectations at the time and perceptions since, English literacy developed slowly in the British Columbia Interior. By contrast, Chinook pipa spread quickly and literacy in the Chinook Jargon—for a time—outstripped English literacy. Drawing on extensive primary research in the archives of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate missionary order, interviews, and literature in linguistics, missionary history, Indigenous languages, and colonial exchange, this article considers the different learning and teaching strategies that were used to develop English and Chinook literacy, and their subsequent successes or failures. In so doing, it challenges understandings about the role of pidgins and literacy in more global settler colonial contexts and offers an intervention to the wider theme of the role of literacy in the missionary project. RESUME Au milieu du XIXe siecle, plusieurs ruees vers l’or ont attire des populations etrangeres vers ce qui est aujourd’hui connu comme l’interieur de la Colombie-Britannique, introduisant du meme coup differentes langues europeennes sur les terres ancestrales d’une multitude de langues autochtones. Afin de permettre a ces populations de communiquer, un Jargon Chinook, sorte de pidgin composite destine au commerce, s’est rapidement repandu. Ce Jargon aussi appele « Wawa » est devenu si courant que, dans la derniere decennie du siecle, le pretre  catholique Pere J. M. R. Le Jeune a developpe et standardise un systeme d’ecriture stenographique pour le Jargon—Chinuk pipa—et l’a utilise pour publier un journal local fort populaire. Au meme moment, les pensionnats autochtones qui s’etablissaient dans la region faisaient une promotion agressive de l’anglais. Pourtant, contrairement aux attentes de l’epoque et aux perceptions entretenues depuis, la maitrise de l’anglais s’est developpee lentement dans l’interieur de la Colombie-Britannique. En revanche, le Chinuk pipa s’est repandu rapidement et la connaissance du Jargon Chinook a depasse — pour un certain temps — celle de l’anglais. En s’appuyant sur une vaste recherche dans les archives de la Congregation des missionnaires oblats de Marie-Immaculee, des entrevues, ainsi que la litterature sur la linguistique, l’histoire missionnaire, les langues autochtones, et l’echange colonial ; cet article examine les differentes strategies d’apprentissage et d’enseignement utilisees pour developper le niveau d’alphabetisation en anglais et en Chinook, de meme que leurs succes et leurs echecs ulterieurs. Ce faisant, il remet en question la comprehension du role joue par les pidgins et la litteratie dans des contextes coloniaux plus larges, et propose une re exion sur le theme plus large du role de l’alphabetisation dans le projet missionnaire.

historical studies in education

Mamook Kom'tax Chinuk Pipa / Learning to Write Chinook Jargon: Indigenous Peoples and Literacy Strategies in the South Central Interior of British Columbia in the Late 19th Century