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Notches and cracks are usually approximately modeled as two-dimensional problems using solutions from\udplane elasticity to quantify localized stress/strain concentration effects around their tips. However, they may be associated\udwith high gradients that can severely restrict local Poisson-induced transversal strains and cause important 3D stress fields\udaround those tips. Fatigue crack initiation and growth, plastic zone sizes and shapes, and localized constraint effects that\udaffect toughness are typical problems associated with such 3D effects, which may lead to non-conservative damage and\udlife predictions if neglected. To quantify how important they can be, first finite element techniques are used to simulate\udthickness and notch-tip radius effects in the fields around such tips, and to evaluate their importance from the structural\uddesign point of view. Then, versatile sub-modeling techniques are used to study similar effects along the fronts of short\udand long cracks, and a stepwise re-meshing routine is used to show how an initially straight crack must slightly curve its\udfront during its propagation by fatigue, due to the unavoidable 3D effects that always surround real crack tips

3D thickness effects around notch and crack tip stress/strain fields