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The dynamic fragmentation of rock within rock avalanches is examined using the fragmentation\udconcepts introduced by Grady and co-workers. The analyses use typical material values for weak chalk and\udlimestone in order to determine theoretical strain rate thresholds for dynamic fragmentation and resulting\udfragment sizes. These are found to compare favourably with data obtained from field observations of long\udrunout rock avalanches and chalk cliff collapses in spite of the simplicity of the approach used. The results\udprovide insight as to the energy requirements to develop long runout behaviour and hence may help to explain\udthe observed similarities between large rock avalanches and much smaller scale chalk cliff collapses as seen in\udEurope

Dynamic rock fragmentation: thresholds for long runout rock avalanches