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This paper describes cognitive mechanisms that interpret elliptical instruc- tions used in navigation. We introduce action vectors, which are defined as an agent's previous positions on routes. In addition, a new perspective system, an action-oriented perspective system is presented. In this system, the action vectors are designated to reference objects. Using theory of the action vectors and the action-oriented system, we demonstrate specific spatial configurations between objects and the action vectors, which arise in cognitive process of interpreting elliptical instructions. This paper presents a unified account of spatial cognition that transforms lan- guage into vision. We focus on elliptical route instructions including directional prepositions, which are often used in navigation tasks, and formalize the process of interpreting a series of directional prepositions in sequence during navigation. Regarding the formalization, two problems were still unsolved, one is ambigu- ity of directional prepositions which has been ignored in cognitive studies, and the other is inadequacy of existing perspective research in order to explain the specific configuration between objects and an agent's previous positions. With respect to the first problem, we identify factor of the ambiguity by introducing Action Vectors. The action vectors are defined at the agent's previous positions, where they turned or stopped to interpret each directional preposition (e.g. ,a t an intersection or at an entrance/exit of a room). Introducing action vectors as reference objects demonstrates that the ambiguity of the prepositions is caused by a specific configuration between objects and action vectors. Regarding the second problem, we propose an action-oriented perspective system .T his system adopts the action vectors as reference objects and demonstrates the configura- tion between objects and action vectors. Within this research, the directional prepositions are dynamically interpreted taking the continuous interaction of the agent and their environment into account. The following is a simple example to explain the problem that we deal with in this research. Consider an agent navigating through the world in Figure 1

Action Vectors: Modeling Spatial Relations between Objects and Routes