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The current gold standard for assessment of most sleep disorders is the in-laboratory polysomnography (PSG). This approach produces high costs and inconveniences for the patients. An accessible and simple preliminary screening method to diagnose the most common sleep disorders and to decide whether a PSG is necessary or not is therefore desirable. A minimalistic type-4 monitoring system which utilized tracheal body sound and actigraphy to accurately diagnose the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome was previously developed. To further improve the diagnostic ability of said system, this study aims to examine if it is possible to perform automated sleep staging utilizing body sound to extract cardiorespiratory features and actigraphy to extract movement features.  A linear discriminant classifier based on those features was used for automated sleep staging using the type-4 sleep monitor. For validation 53 subjects underwent a full-night screening at Ulm University Hospital using the developed sleep monitor in addition to polysomnography. To assess sleep stages from PSG, a trained technician manually evaluated EEG, EOG, and EMG recordings.   The classifier reached 86.9% accuracy and a Kappa of 0.69 for sleep/wake classification, 76.3% accuracy and a Kappa of 0.42 for Wake/REM/NREM classification, and 56.5% accuracy and a Kappa of 0.36 for Wake/REM/light sleep/deep sleep classification. For the calculation of sleep efficiency (SE), a coefficient of determination r 2  of 0.78 is reached. Additionally, subjects were classified into groups of SEs (SE≥40%, SE≥60% and SE≥80%). A Cohen’s Kappa &gt;0.61 was reached for all groups, which is considered as substantial agreement.  The presented method provides satisfactory performance in sleep/wake and wake/REM/NREM sleep staging while maintaining a simple setup and offering high comfort. This minimalistic approach may address the need for a simple yet reliable preliminary sleep screening in an ambulatory setting.

Automated sleep stage classification based on tracheal body sound and actigraphy.