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We conducted a retrospective study of Escherichia coli isolates recovered from human and food animal samples during 1950-2002 to assess historical changes in antimicrobial drug resistance. A total of 1,729 E. coli isolates (983 from humans, 323 from cattle, 138 from chickens, and 285 from pigs) were tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial drugs. A significant upward trend in resistance was observed for ampicillin (p&lt;0.001), sulfonamide (p&lt;0.001), and tetracycline (p&lt;0.001). Animal strains showed increased resistance to 11/15 antimicrobial agents, including ampicillin (p&lt;0.001), sulfonamide (p&lt;0.01), and gentamicin (p&lt;0.001). Multidrug resistance (≥3 antimicrobial drug classes) in E. coli increased from 7.2% during the 1950s to 63.6% during the 2000s. The most frequent co-resistant phenotype observed was to tetracycline and streptomycin (29.7%), followed by tetracycline and sulfonamide (29.0%). These data describe the evolution of resistance after introduction of new antimicrobial agents into clinical medicine and help explain the range of resistance in modern E. coli isolates.

Antimicrobial Drug Resistance inEscherichia colifrom Humans and Food Animals, United States, 1950–2002