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LITERARY PROSE AND POETRY IN SAN FRANCISCO'S BLACK NEWSPAPERS, 1862-1885 by Jan Batiste Adkins This thesis addresses the topic of literature of poetry, short stories, travel narratives, and didactic narratives published in the Pacific Appeal and the Elevator newspapers of San Francisco during 1862-1885. Many of the literary writings published in these newspapers were written by residents of San Francisco's African American communities and also residents of other communities in the San Francisco Bay Area. This research not only documents the imaginative writings by African American writers and others interested in the issues facing African American citizens, but it analyzes the trends, structure, tone, themes, imagery, language, and issues during the initial year of each newspaper's operation, 1862 and 1865, and then examines the trends in the years 1875 and 1885. Research on this subject documents at least fifty poems, short stories, and narratives from early black newspapers to add to the collection of California literature. Many of the poems address the personal, emotional, and cultural issues facing African Americans living in the Bay Area, which can apply to life in any Western American community during this time. This study also provides information about African American writers whose works are published in San Francisco's black newspapers as well as information about the Pacific Appeal and Elevator newspapers. The examination and analysis of the literary writings published in the early black newspapers reveal the expressed heartfelt issues and voices of San Francisco's black writers and communities. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My master's thesis is the result of many individuals who encouraged me to research the existence of literary writings by San Francisco's early African American writers who published in San Francisco's black newspapers of 1862-1885. First, I must thank Dr. Susan Shillinglaw, my thesis director, mentor, and friend, for the many hours she has spent discussing the issues with me, and time spent reviewing and editing my work. Without her continued support and guidance, this thesis would not have been possible. Second, I also thank the other members of my thesis committee, Dr. Noelle Brada-Williams for her many hours spent analyzing this work, and Dr. Paul Douglass for his timely remarks on the final version. Third, but most important, I must thank my husband, Walt Adkins, for his continued encouragement during those moments when I became discouraged, as well as my immediate family members: Jittaun, Chris, Christina, Farid, and Karis for their continued encouragement, support, and technical help. Lastly, I dedicate this thesis to my parents, Alvin and Rosalie Batiste, who have passed on before the completion of my work and had during the first year of research encouraged me to pursue my dream of examining the voices of the many writers whose works lie within the pages of San Francisco's two early black newspapers. I must also thank God for faith to continue writing during those moments of discouragement.

Literary prose and poetry in San Francisco's black newspapers, 1862--1885.