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This paper analyzes the effects of urban density, vegetation cover, and water body on thermal islands measured by land surface temperature in Al Anbar province, Iraq using multi-temporal Landsat images. Images from Landsat 7 ETM and Landsat 8 OLI for the years 2000, 2014, and 2018 were collected, pre-processed, and anal yzed. The results suggested that the strongest correlation was found between the Normalized Difference Built-up Index (NDBI) and the surface temperature. The correlation between the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the surface temperature was slightly weaker compared to that of NDBI. However, the weakest correlation was found between the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and the temperature. The results obtained in this research may help the decision makers to take actions to reduce the effects of thermal islands by looking at the details in the produced maps and the analyzed values of these spectral indices.

Analysis on Thermal Islands Effectors in Ramadi City, Iraq Using Multi-temporal Landsat Images