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In August 1963, the Dutch veterinarian Dan (E.H.) Kampelmacher stepped on a plane to Lima, the capital of Peru. His destination: smelly factories in Lima’s port city which grinded up tiny anchovy fish from the Pacific Ocean into huge amounts of animal feed. Peru exported one fifth of this ‘fishmeal’ to the Netherlands, where farmers used it to feed their quickly rising numbers of chickens and pigs in new intensive livestock or ‘factory’ farms. Kampelmacher was fundamentally interested in creatures even smaller than the anchovy: Salmonella bacteria. Before he travelled to Peru, Kampelmacher had suspected that these germs would like the fishmeal factories, and what he saw in Peru did not reassure him (Figure 1). The fishmeal plants harboured ecosystems of their own. In the open fish pits, Kampelmacher for example observed ‘large numbers of pelicans [...] that both frequently evacuate faeces, and repeatedly vomit after satisfaction’.1 This meant that ships leaving from Peru did not just transport massive amounts of animal feed to farms in the north, but bacteria too. The ports of Lima and Rotterdam connected the ecosystems of Peruvian fishmeal plants and Dutch farms. The journey turned Kampelmacher’s perspective on the problem of Salmonella into an ecological one.2

Oceans and Landless Farms: Linking Southern and Northern Shadow Places of Industrial Livestock (1954-1975)