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Since the pioneering work of the late Trevor Platt (1942-2020) in the seventies, the study of biophysical couplings in lakes and oceans has been a very prolific research topic. Physical processes were often implicitly assumed to be the main factors structuring biological communities, especially in surface waters that are typically under the influence of turbulence. This essentially led to assess the nature of biological couplings through a comparison of the fluctuations of passive scalars (e.g. temperature, salinity, and a priori phytoplankton cells), which have widely been described in Fourier space using power spectral analysis as E(f) ∝ f-β where f is the frequency (s-1) or the wavelength (m-1) and β = 5/3 for passive scalars, and β ≠ 5/3 for biologically active scalars. From the mid-nineties, fractals and multifractals have been proposed as a new tool to assess the complexity of passive and biologically active scalars; see Seuront (2010) for a review. These methods, together with the increase in both spatial and temporal resolutions of physical and biological sensors, increasingly led to identify distinct structures in the fluctuations of physical and biological scalars. In this context, to illustrate the applicability of the fractal approach in lakes, we used a set of temperature and in vivo fluorescence vertical profiles taken across Lake Baikal in August 2003 between Tanhoy and Listvyanka to compare the nature of temperature and phytoplankton fluctuations under different scenario of vertical distributions (Fig.).

Small-scale biophysical couplings in Lake Baikal: new insights from the fractal properties of temperature and phytoplankton distributions