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Genetic factors play an important role in physical performance. The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) gene polymorphism is the most studied genetic marker in the field of human performance. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of ACE (I/D) polymorphism on athletic ability in Turkish athletes. Genomic DNA obtained from 237 persons (120 athletes and 117 sedentary controls) was used in the study. ACE gene I/D polymorphism genotypes were determined by using polymerase chain reaction with the specific primers. Results revealed that the ACE genotype distribution was significantly different between athletes (II 16.7%, ID 43.3% and DD 40%) and sedentary groups (II 7.7%, ID 38.5% and DD 53.8 %; P=0.036). The D allele frequency was obserwed as 38.3 % and I allele was as 61.7 % in the athlets group, it was 26.92 % and 73.08 % respectively in the control group. As a result of our study, angiotensin converting enzyme gene I/D polymorphism D allele or DD genotype could affect athletic ability in Turkish study population. Address for Correspondence: Dr. Ahmet Inanir Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Tokat-Turkey Telephone: +903562129500 Fax: +90 356 2133179 E-mail: inanira@gmail.com INTRODUCTION The area of genetics has received increasing interest in sports medicine. Gene polymorphisms may contribute to explaining the inter individual variability with respect to training responses and consequently different abilities for a specific physical performance. The advanced researchs on genetics of physical performance began in the late 1990s, when the datas from Human Genom Project acquired currency (Collins 2009; Gineviciene et al. 2011). Several functional polymorphisms have been demonstrated to affect sporting phenotypes. ACTN3 (coding for human aactinin-3 gene), which has been associated with elite sprinter athletic status. There is emerging evidence that Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-Alpha (PPAR-) together with Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor Gamma Coactivator 1 Alpha (PPARGC1A) play an important role in muscle fibre type conversion (Yang et al. 2003; Moran et al. 2006; Gineviciene et al. 2011). One of the most studied genetic markers in the field of human performance is an insertion/ deletion (I/D) Alu element of the gene encoding ACE on chromosome 17. As a component of the circulating renin–angiotensin system (RAS), ACE influences circulatory homeostasis through the degradation of vasodilator bradykinin and generation of the vasopressor, angiotensin II (Ang II). Presence of the D allele has been associated with higher concentrations of circulating and tissue ACE. Increased ACE activity might lead to elevated Angiotensin II concentrations (Rigat et al. 1990). A local RAS exists in skeletal muscle and it may influence functional performance and the I allele has been associated with fatigue resistance in skeletal muscle (Montgomery and Woods 1999) and with endurance performance. In general there is an association between ACE genotype and physical performance and results suggest that allele I carriers would have advantages in cardio respiratory endurance (Calò and Vona 2008). 102 AHMET INANIR, ABDULLAH CENIKLI, ERCAN TURAL ET AL. In previous studies ACE associated with fat free mass, muscle mass and strength, and power performance. It is reported that 66% of the variance in athlete status is explained by additive genetic factors, with the remaining variance being attributable to non-shared environmental factors (De Moor et al. 2007). Montgomery and colleagues identified for the first time a positive association between a genetic variation, the insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of the angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE), and endurance exercise performance (Montgomery and Woods 1999; Eynon et al. 2009). They found that the I allele and the II genotype were overrepresented in experienced British high-altitude mountaineers (with a history of ascending beyond 7000 meters without using supplementary oxygen) compared to their healthy, non-athletic referents (Eynon et al. 2009). This polymorphism (rs. 5186) is the absence (deletion; D allele), rather than the presence (insertion, I allele) of 287bp Alu repeat element in intron 16. However, the association of ACE I/D polymorphism in sports abilities have been contradicted and debated (Sweta et al. 2012). The aim of this study was to analyze the genotype distribution and allelic frequency of ACE gene in Turkish athletes. MATERIAL AND METHODS

Molecular Analysis of Genetic Variation in Angiotensin I-Converting Enzyme Gene in Turkish Athletes