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In recent years, natural products have drawn the researchers’ attention to find new solutions alternatives where the aims are to reduce the excessive use of synthetic pesticides. Among these alternatives in nature, products of plant origin are, in particular, more interesting because they are less toxic, biodegradable, and target-specific (Dua et al 2010; Subramaniam et al 2012). Recently, the plant extracts with insecticidal properties have continued to develop and some nonEuropean countries have regulatory requirements for extracts and essential oils use (Isman 2019). Plants are rich in bioactive secondary chemical metabolites and have proven their insecticidal activity by killing or repelling insects (Sukumar et al 1991; Ghosh et al 2012). Medicinal plants are valuable resources for the majority of rural and urban populations in Africa and are the main means by which people treat themselves (Badiaga 2011). Several species are known for their remarkable therapeutic properties (Quezel 1978). Algeria, by the richness and diversity of its flora, constitutes a real phylogenetic reservoir, with about 4000 species and subspecies of vascular plants (Dobignard and Chatelain 2013). The study of traditional medicine and herbal treatment is therefore of particular interest because little research has been done on this aspect, and more particularly on the use of spontaneous species in traditional medicine (Hammiche and Gueyouche 1988). Our study is based on the medicinal plant Drimia maritima which is very widespread in the Mediterranean region, Africa and India their medicinal part is mainly composed of fresh or dried bulbs (Ghahreman 1997; Zargari 1996). The oldest writings on these plants date back to 1500 B.C. and mention the medicinal Drimia properties (Stoll 1954). To date, many studies have been conducted to identify the chemical constituents and to understand the pharmacological properties of this species. It is a Mediterranean plant, perennial by an enormous bulb whose diameter reaches, 20 to 30 cm and weight between 5 to 7 kg (measures of Algerian species). It’s formed of nested scales that are also called tunics or scales, whitish color called Scille d'Italie or Scille "female" or reddish Scille d'Espagne or Scille "male", depending on the variety. The external scales are plain and membranous, the medium scales are thick and fleshy (Hammiche et al 2013). The flowering stem (about 1 m) bears at its end a cluster of small white flowers with a star-shaped corolla (Joly 2010). This work purpose to test the direct and indirect toxic effects of D. maritima ethanolic extract on fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, especially, the effects on the mortality, development, sexual, and oviposition behaviour. Abstract Drimia maritima is a toxic Mediterranean plant and is considered a commercially important drug by its medicinal values and pharmacological properties. In this work, we seek to evaluate the direct and delayed effects of the ethanol extracts of this plant on vinegar fly (Drosophila melanogaster), an excellent laboratory model. The treatment was carried out by ingestion on second-stage larvae (L2) and then we evaluated the impact of this treatment on mortality, development, sexual behaviour, on female's oviposition choice, fecundity, and fertility of adults. The results showed that mortality rates can reach 100% after 15 days of treatment as we recorded an acceleration of the flies' development. After treatment, we observed incomplete nuptial courtship and a significant decrease in eggs laid number and larvae number of the first generation treated. This study indicates that D. maritima ethanolic extract has a neurotoxic property, our results confirmed the presence of toxic secondary metabolites in the extract studied.

journal of animal behaviour and biometeorology

Toxic effects of Drimia maritima (Asparagaceae) ethanolic extracts on the mortality, development, sexual behaviour and oviposition behaviour of Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera: Drosophilidae)