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Polyelectrolyte multilayers of cationic and anionic starch have been used to  enhance the strength properties of paper. All starches used in this  investigation had a degree of substitution around 0.065. Optical reflectometry  showed that a combination of cationic and anionic starch could form  polyelectrolyte multilayers onto silicon oxide surfaces. The same combination of  starches was then applied to unbeaten, bleached softwood kraft fibres to form  three layers, i.e. a cationic/anionic/cationic starch combination. The results  showed a significant increase in the paper strength properties in terms of  tensile index, strain at break, and Scott Bond. The adsorbed amount of starch in  the sheets, determined using an enzymatic method, was found to increase with  each successive starch treatment. The increased paper strength was not only due  to the increase in adsorbed amount of starch; rather, the chemical composition  of the starch was also important. Cationic starch with high amylose content had  a more positive effect on the paper strength properties. Furthermore, it was  observed that anionic starch, despite being adsorbed in large amounts, did not  contribute to the increase in tensile strength or strain at break to the same  extent as did cationic starch. However, the out-of-plane properties, measured as  Scott Bond properties, increased with the adsorbed amount, regardless of the  chemical composition of the starch used in the outermost layer

Application of polymeric multilayers of starch onto wood fibres to enhance strength properties of paper