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In the model experiment, the ecotoxicity of nanoparticles (10-20 nm) and conventional (non-nano) powders (100 nm and above) of Ni and Fe oxides was compared. Their effect on microorganisms, plants and enzymatic activity of the soil was investigated as well. It was found that the microbiological indicators (the total number of bacteria and the abundance of Azotobacter) were most strongly affected by the nanoforms of Ni and Fe oxides. The enzymatic activity of the soil (the activity of catalase and dehydrogenase) was largely dependent on Ni and Fe oxides and not on their nanoparticles. The indicators of phytotoxicity (germination and length of the radish root) were influenced both by Ni and Fe oxides and their nanoforms in equal measure. Thus, nanoparticles of Ni and Fe oxides (10-20 nm) are more toxic for bacteria than particles of Ni and Fe oxides of usual sizes (100 nm and above), and vice versa for soil enzymes. A hypothesis was also tested, according to which the toxicity of metal nanoparticles does not depend on their chemical nature. For this, the effect of nanoparticles of nickel, highly toxic for biota, and low-toxic iron was compared. The addition of equal amounts of nickel and iron (from 100 to 10,000 mg/kg) had approximately the same comparable negative effect, whereas nickel is considered a significantly more toxic heavy metal than iron.

COMPARISON OF ECOTOXICITY OF NICKEL AND IRON OXIDES AND THEIR NANOFORMS