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Historical Overview Many nutrients are presently recognized to play an important role in human nutrition not only because they are essential for growth and maintenance of health, but also because they play an important role in the reduction of risk of noncommunicable diseases. The values of nutrient intakes that make allowance for individual variation in requirements and provide a margin of safety above the minimal requirement to prevent deficiencies have traditionally formed the basis for the establishment of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs). Preliminary values for nutrient requirements for Japanese were first described in 1926 in the book Nutrition by Dr. Tadasu Saiki (1), the founder of the National Institute of Nutrition (presently National Institute of Health and Nutrition) in Japan. The National Institute of Nutrition played a key role in conducting basic scientific studies and developing nutrient requirements for Japanese. In responce to food shortage resulting from World War II, some national organizations created nutritional standards independently for Japanese until around 1945. Since then nutritional standards for Japanese have been developed by the Prime Minister’s Office (presently Cabinet Office, government of Japan) and the Science and Technology Agency (presently Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology) to promote growth, to maintain health and physical strength, and to improve work efficiency. From 1969, the Ministry of Health and Welfare became the presiding ministry to create RDAs in Japan (2). The RDAs used for the time period 1970–1975 were officially established by six committees. As shown in Table 1, RDAs was subsequently revised every five years until 2005 for the purpose of improving physique and corresponding to changes in population structure, economy or dietary habits (2–8). The concept of Dietary Reference Intakes was first introduced in the 6th revision of the RDAs (2000–2005) (8). In order to more comprehensively follow the approach used in devising the 6th revision of the RDAs, the 7th revision was established as the “Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese (DRIs-J) 2005” by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) (9). These DRIs-J were based on a systematic review of the evidence. The current version, “DRIs-J 2010,” was created based on the Health Promotion Law by the MHLW (10). DRIs-J expanded on the basic theories of the US/Canadian DRIs in order to create DRIs that are specific to the Japanese population. The DRIs-J were designed not only to prevent energy or nutrient deficiencies that may be caused by insufficient intake of energy or nutrients, but also for the primary prevention of lifestyle-related diseases caused by excess and/or imbalanced consumption of energy and nutrients. DRIs-J consists of six reference values (one for energy and five for nutrients) for the prevention of deficiencies, adverse effects by excess intake, and lifestyle-related diseases. In addition, the recommended dietary intake level is shown as a range rather than a singular value.

Historical Overview of the Establishment of Dietary Reference Intakes for Japanese