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Sometime in the 380s, St Gregory of Nyssa wrote two works against the Christological teachings of Apolinarius of Laodicea. I have recently had published an English translation, with an introduction and commentary1, and this paper is something of a spin-off from that. It aims to look at the controversy between Gregory and Apolinarius in a specific theological context, that of the fourth century development of Christological doctrine which eventually led to the Chalcedonian definition of 451, and which established what the Western and Eastern Orthodox churches now accept as Christological orthodoxy. Gregory’s target in the more substantial of the works, the Antirrheticus adversus Apollinarium, is Apolinarius’s book entitled “Demonstration (¢pÒdeixij) of the divine enfleshment according to the likeness of a human being” I shall refer to this henceforth as the Apodeixis. It has not survived independently, and cannot be firmly dated, but it was probably the most mature representation of Apolinarius’s Christological teaching. Gregory’s Antirrheticus is our main source for the surviving fragments of the text of Apolinarius’s Apodeixis, although there is no doubt that in many cases Gregory has distorted, misrepresented or misunderstood what Apolinarius wrote. The earlier history and development of Apolinarius’s Christology2 is difficult to reconstruct with any degree of certainty. Fierce arguments about Trinitarian doctrine dominated theological debate in the middle part of the fourth century, and Christological questions rarely took centre stage. Attitudes to Apolinarius’s peculiar Christological doctrines, as they developed, perhaps in the 360s and 370s, were complicated by the fact that on Trinitarian doctrine Apolinarius was very firmly in the pro-Nicene, anti-Arian camp. Although a version of Apollinarianism had been condemned by Pope Damasus in Rome in 376, the position in the East, at the time Gregory composed his Antirrheticus, was still in flux. In particular, Apollinarian doctrines were probably not explicitly discussed at the

Struggling with christology: Apolinarius of Laodicea and st Gregory of Nyssa