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Object. The aim of this study was to provide a systematic update of the current literature regarding the clinical role of the S100B serum biomarker in the initial evaluation of children who have sustained a mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods. Searches in MEDLINE were defined with the keywords "mild TBI children S100," "mild TBI pediatric S100," and " children S100 brain injury." From the pool of obtained studies, those that had the inclusion criteria of mild TBI only or mixed types of TBI but including detailed information about groups of children with mild TBI were used. Results. Few studies were identified and fewer included more than 100 cases. The prospective studies showed that the S100B biomarker levels could be influenced by patient age and the time frame between head injury and blood sampling. Moreover, extracranial sources of S100B or additional injuries could influence the measured levels of this biomarker. A normal value of S100B in children with mild TBI could rule out injury-associated abnormalities on CT scans in the majority of reported cases. Conclusions. The vulnerability of S100B serum levels to the influences of patient age, blood sampling time, and extracranial S100B release limits the biomarker's role in the initial evaluation of children with mild TBI. The application of S100B in pediatric mild TBI cases has an elusive role, although it could help in selected cases to avoid unnecessary head CT scans. (DOI: 10.3171/2010.8.FOCUS10185

Role of the S100B serum biomarker in the treatment of children suffering from mild traumatic brain injury