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Effects of Demographic Attributes on Perceptions of the University Administrators about the Implementation of e-Learning Management and Delivery Practices in Pakistan Vol. IV, No. III (Summer 2019) 125 The objective of the Study The core objective of this study was to find out the impacts of demographic variables on the perceptions of university administrators about the implementation of e-learning management and delivery practices. Research Questions and Hypotheses The considerable questions were: 1. Do all types of demographic variables have uniform effects on the perceptions of university administrators about the implementation of e-learning management and delivery practices? 2. What is the effect of interaction between demographic variables on the perceptions of university administrators about the implementation of e-learning management and delivery practices? The null research hypothesis derived from the research questions were: H01: Demographic variables have not to affect the perceptions of university administrators about the implementation of e-learning management and delivery practices. H02: There is no interaction effect of demographic variables on the perceptions of university administrators about the implementation of e-learning management and delivery practices. Purpose of the Study The usability of e-learning management and delivery practices are attaining a viable role in the universities/degree awarded Institutions. It is significant to visualize this innovative sphere of influences. Therefore, a study on the outcomes of demographic variables on the perceptions of university administrators about the implementation of elearning management and delivery practices is essential to assess it in the current changing scenario in Pakistan. Delimitation of the Study The university administrators of academic departments from both sectors who were performing their duties in Lahore and Gujranwala division, Pakistan were included in this article. Review of Literature E-learning is growing as a paperless way of dissemination of knowledge in the universities. Inglis et al. (2002) have narrated that e-learning and the internet in the universities are playing a vital role to shift the universe into a global village. It is also recognized that e-learning tools may be comprised of different management systems with respect to content, knowledge and learning basis. It has an optimistic influence on learning and implementing the innovative processes or knowledge in the organizations. So, it is performing a worthwhile role to increase the organization’s profitability. Nichols (2008) has expressed that top management and strategic ownership are showing commitment to the transmission of e-learning tools in higher educational institutions. These higher educational institutions need to expand the pace of e-learning policy and implementations in their structural way (de Freitas and Attewell 2004). Elearning experiences are the sign of a dynamic and adjustable interplay of role between emergent strategies and management changes in the institutions. The participation of e-learning experts and technicians put forward that the design, development, delivery, maintenance, and evaluation are the best arrangements for the accomplishment and failure of e-learning management practices in the institutions. This suggests that e-learning strategy is identified as a valuable tool in the universities’ management practices. E-learning is also a way to deliver information quickly. As compared to the traditional methods, this mode provides fast and reliable delivery cycles. Communication and delivery tactics may be encouraged for the learners. Luminita (2011) had said that the confidentiality of an e-system can be based on secure and reliable content delivery practices over the storage of data and networking interactions in organizations. Thermolia et al. (2015) have found that university administrators are focusing on both the development and execution of the e-learning systems. It tries to manage the delivery of data among stakeholders, instructors and educational managers when visualized at the same time. Demographic variables are the particular characteristics of the nature and distribution of any population. The word demographic is derived from the Greek language demos (people) and graphic (picture). Examples of these variables are age, gender, race religion ethnicity, marital status, designation, and faculty, etc. Generally, gender as a variable is assumed to elaborate inequalities and distinctiveness in the society. It may be used to discriminate the information. It has been observed that in the classrooms where no technology is used, Imtiaz Hussain, Iftikhar Ahmad Baig and Iftikhar Haider Malik 126 Global Social Sciences Review (GSSR) male students have more effect than female students and it was also found that female students have a greater level of appreciation than male class-fellows when teachers used modest technologies ( Schrodt 2005 as cited by Md. Aminul Islam, 2011). More experience of the interaction with a computer can be supportive of the adoption of technologies. It can change the attitude towards information communication technologies used in universities. People thus experienced will show more inclination due to having e-learning experiences than those people who do have not any e-learning experiences. The designation is the title or an obligation to perform a specific job. Different organizations have a different designation for the job. Robyn and Du Preez (2013) have found that people engagement and job satisfaction can decrease the chances to quit institutions. A faculty is a group of people having common duty or responsibility in an organization. These may motivate intrinsically or extrinsically to perform their duties. In tertiary level institutions, faculty behaviors can be influenced through the manipulation of incentive and reward packages. It will be supportive for the retention of the faculty personnel and managerial staff in the institutions.

global social sciences review

Effects of Demographic Attributes on Perceptions of the University Administrators about the Implementation of e-Learning Management and Delivery Practices in Pakistan