English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Politics of Identity and Redrawing the State Boundaries in India: An Historical Perspective Vol. IV, No. III (Summer 2019) 11 the state boundaries on a linguistic basis, which remained all in the state’s control. After the independence of India, the task before Congress leaders were to weld a truncated territorial fabric (which would be characterized by enormous ethnic diversity) into a single unified nation-state. (Chadda, 2010) India created more than sixteen new states or provinces after its independence. Ethnic paradigm was the dominant basis for the creation of new states in India from 19472000. However, the paradigm was slightly shifted from ethnic lines to economic, geographical, and administrative grounds after 2000. The Linguistic Province Commission was appointed in 1948 to reorganize the states on the lingual basis. This act caused a chain reaction of linguistic state movements. (Villiers, 2012) In India, the process of creation of new states is not yet over. The basis of demand for a new state slightly shifted from linguistic line to economic justification and political and administrative basis. In fact, the creation of the new state on ethnic line has drawn India in to civil war, and the creation of new states is unfinished business for India but on the other hand, it is a positive thing and provides flexibility in the Indian federation. (Villiers, 2012) The state of India, the sheer size of the population, owing to its territory, and the diversity of its people faced significant challenges to Indian past independence consolidation. (Talwar and Doyle, 2012) The populations and the size of Indian states reflect the complexity of Indian federation. For instance, Rajasthan is a larger state and it is 90 times larger than the smallest state of Goa. Likewise, the population density of West Bengal is 903 people per sq. km. and Arunachal Pradesh has 13 persons per sq. km. In fact, the reorganization of states on the ethnic basis was the only solution to accommodate the ethnically diverse country of India. (Talwar and Doyle, 2012) The Rationale for the Creation of New Provinces or the New States There can be certain rationale for the creation of new states or provinces in the world. There are many states of the world which have successfully re-demarcated the province or state on the ethnic or linguistic line, on geographical grounds or administrative, and on cultural and economic rationales. The most dynamic example is India, which had re-demarcated 16 new states or provinces both on a lingual or ethnic and administrative basis. There is another example of Germany which had successfully demarcated the state and created the namely Lander province on purely geographical line. The Philippines is another vibrant example which created 30 new provinces, all on cultural, lingual, geographical, administrative and geographical lines. Likewise, Nigeria, South Africa, Iran Ethiopia, India, Afghanistan, Switzerland and the United States of America reorganized their states on similar grounds. To create a federal region is one of the major challenges faced by a young federation in the world. With the creation of a new region or states, there are generally two types of competing objectives at play: (a) to protect the rights of an ethnic group (b) and to fulfill the desire to limit a maximum number of states for the economic, financial resources, administrative affordability. If we look upon the Historiography of re-demarcation of states soon after their inception of states. South Africa, India, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and the Philippines are some vibrant examples. (Villiers, 2012) The present study is focused on identifying the factors behind the emergence and development of issues of states in India. There are some political and constitutional links to the creation of any new state in India as a federal state. This study also reveals the stances of different national and regional political parties of India regarding the creation of new states in India. The rationalization of new states and the changes in the constitution in case of creation of new states are also discussed which is the main theme of this paper. The study also investigate how constitutional setup and political parties give favor to create any new state in India. Re-demarcation of States in India India is a multi-ethnic, multi-cultural, multi-religious and multi-lingual country of South Asia. The states of India are diverse not only in terms of compositions, size, and populations but also in terms of economic ability, territory, and infrastructure resources and ethnically. (Villiers, 2012) India is an ethnically diverse country with spoken over sixteen hundred languages/dialects and more than two thousand ethnic groups. After the independence, M.K Gandi himself wrote that the Indian government “should hurry up with the re-organization of linguistic provinces” (Ghani). From the very beginning “ethnic conflict” was a great challenge for the leaders of the ethnically diverse Indian state. They tried their best to create structures, processes, and institutions to deal fairly and effectively with ethnic demands and conflicts. (Phadmanabhan, 2011) In December 1952, Nehru government focused to persuade the protestors, who were demanding the formation of Andhra Pradesh state. This led to the formation of state reorganization act in 1953. (Phadmanabhan, 2011) The great sacrifice of Potti Sriramulu (a follower of M.K Gandhi) will always be remembered in the history of linguistic reorganization of Indian states made in October 1952. He began a fast-unto-death in demanding a separate state for Telugu speaking population by carving out the province of Madras. For 56 days without food, his dramatic death was taken place which used as an instrument in the ethno-linguistic reorganization of states. (Ghani, Muhammad Shoaib Malik, Azhar Mahmood Abbasi and Saima Gul 12 Global Social Sciences Review (GSSR) 2015) In August, 1953; the states reorganization commission was established by Nehru, with Justice Fazi Ali, K.M Panikkar and Hridaynath Kunzru as members to examine the question of the reorganization of the state. During the two year’s work, the commission faced with demonstrations, hunger strikes and agitations. Eventually, in November 1956 the states reorganization act was passed by the Indian Parliament which eventually implemented in the form of ‘states reorganization act of 1956.’ Under this act, 14 states and 5 union territories were setups on the basis of ethnolinguistics and regional identities. This act followed a chain reaction and demanded more new states and separate state within the Indian union on ethnolinguistic grounds. For instance, in 1960, Gujarati and Marathi speaking populations started agitation in Bombay, and the Bombay Reorganization act was passed and Gujarati and Maharashtra states were created on linguistics lines. Similarly, in 1966, Haryana was created on linguistic lines by dividing Punjab. In the case of Northeast, the Naga insurgency split out and in 1962 the new state of Nagaland was created by detaching three districts of Assam. The creation of Manipur, Mejhalaya, and Tripura in the northeast was taken place in the 1970s on a similar basis. However, the demands of the re-demarcation of new states did not discard there. In west Bengal, Koch Rajbonshis of Cooch Behar and Gorkhas of Darjeeling raised the voices for a separate state of Kamtapur and Garkhand/Gorkhaland respectively. In Andhra Pradesh the case of Telangana and in Assam the case of Bados was prominent. (Ganguly, 2003) Brief History of Reorganization of Indian states 1956-2000 The history of the reorganization of Indian states divided into three phases. The first Reorganization of Indian states occurred in 1956, second in 1971-1987 and third in 1999-2000. Starting with the First Reorganization of Indian states which occurred in 1956 as Andhra Pradesh became a separate state by merging part of Hyderabad and Andhra. Bombay became a separate state by merging Kutch and Saurashtra forming a union. Kerala was formed by detaching part of Madras and Travancore union. Madhya Pradesh was created as a separate state by merging Vindhya Pradesh union and Bhopal. The Mayor state was created by merging Mysore Coorg and some part of the former state of Bombay, Madras, and Hyderabad. Patiala and East Punjab state were added into Punjab state. The state Reorganization act did not agree to the formation of a separate Punjabi speaking state. Shiromani Akali Dal (SAD) was the party of Sikhs in Punjab and launched a mass agitation and demanded Punjabi speaking Punjabi province and Hindi-speaking Punjab and Haryana. Prime Minister Nehru declared that we are not in a position to deal with such domestic issue as we have threatened with border war by Pakistan. The president Akali Dal, Sant Fateh Singh refused and suspended the strike by affirming that “the country is dear but the Punjabi Suba (State) is dearer”. After Nehru, Lal Bahadur Shastri assured Sant Fateh Singh that after a border dispute with Pakistan they would be given their new state. Hence, Punjab a new state of India comes into being on September 18, 1966, under the Punjab reorganization act no.31. (Phadmanabhan, 2011) After a decade of the first reorganization, it became clear that language was not a suitable criterion for the redemarcation of states. The solution was found in the 1970s. In the second Reorganization of state (1971-1987), Himachal Pradesh formed a separate state on January 25, 1971; and Meghalaya, Manipur, and Tripura on January 21, 1972. On April 26, 1975; Sikkim’s Kingdom as a state joined the Indian Union. Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh became new states on February 20, 1987; and likewise, this was followed by the formation Goa on May 30, 1987. (Ghani, 2015) In November 2000, the National Democratic Alliance (NDA) government under Prime Minister A.B Vajpayee, formed three new states in Northern India. Kumaon and Garhwal/Garhw