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The amounts of reactive oxygen species generated in aqueous samples by irradiation with X-ray or clinical carbon-ion beams were quantified. Hydroxyl radical ( • OH), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and the total amount of oxidation reactions, which occurred mainly because of • OH and/or hydroperoxy radicals (HO 2  • ), were measured by electron paramagnetic resonance-based methods. • OH generation was expected to be localized on the track/range of the carbon-ion beam/X-ray, and mM and M levels of • OH generation were observed. Total • OH generation levels were identical at the same dose irrespective of whether X-ray or carbon-ion beam irradiation was used, and were around 0.28-0.35 µmol/L/Gy. However, sparse • OH generation levels decreased with increasing linear energy transfer, and were 0.17, 0.15, and 0.09 µmol/L/Gy for X-ray, 20 keV/µm carbon-ion beam, and &gt;100 keV/µm carbon-ion beam sources, respectively. H 2 O 2 generation was estimated as 0.26, 0.20, and 0.17 µmol/L/Gy, for X-ray, 20 keV/µm carbon-ion beam, and &gt;100 keV/µm carbon-ion beam sources, respectively, whereas the ratios of H 2 O 2 generation per oxygen consumption were 0.63, 0.51, and 3.40, respectively. The amounts of total oxidation reactions were 2.74, 1.17, and 0.66 µmol/L/Gy, respectively. The generation of reactive oxygen species was not uniform at the molecular level.

A quantitative analysis of carbon-ion beam-induced reactive oxygen species and redox reactions