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Population size and effective population size are important factors affecting probability of extinction of small,  isolated population. Hence, from conservation perspective, it is recommended to monitor changes in population size of  endangered species. Genetic methods, based on genetic profiling of non-invasive samples of biological material, despite  some  limitations,  were  proved  to  be  efficient  method  in  tracking  individuals  in  the  field  and  estimate  populations'  parameters. We used this strategy to investigate isolated population of the capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) in the Gorce  Mountains.  In  two  study  periods  (2012–2013  and  2017–2018)  almost  400  faeces  and  feathers  were  collected.  Microsatellite genotyping was performed to identify individuals and estimate genetic diversity. We found that population  is stable in terms of size and genetic indices, although allelic richness has significantly increased between 2012–2013  and 2017–2018. In the overall study period (2012–2018) there were 52 individuals identified. However, only 10 birds  were found in both study periods. This suggests low survival in the population. Moreover, genetic data indicated low  effective population size of the capercaillie in the Gorce Mts. Thus, we suggest that monitoring, either genetic and based  on field-surveys, should be implemented in the management and protection of this population.

How many of them? Genetic diversity, survival and effective population size of the capercaillie population from the Gorce Mountains