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Plants are capable of synthesizing a large variety of secondary metabolites, i.e. glycoside, alkaloids, terpenoids, quinones, coumarins, flavonoids, phytosterols, saponins, and tannin, which contribute various pharmacological activities. Many conventional drugs or their precursors are now derived from plants. However, there is a difference between administering a pure phytochemical compound and the same chemical in a plant extract. Whether this “chemical complexity” is advantageous is still a matter of some debate. Synergy is an important aspect of treatments that involve medicinal plants. In the context of chemical complexity it applies if the pharmacological effect of a chemical mixture is greater than the arithmetic sum of the effects of all individual components. This needs to be taken into account when considering the preparation of extracts with optimum levels of active constituent or “active constituent-rich extracts”. Moreover, most pure phytochemicals are not available commercially, and their isolation involves multi-stage, time-consuming and energyintensive processes that require a large amount of toxic organic solvents, ultimately increasing their production costs. The extraction and fractionation processes are important steps for the preparation of an active constituentrich extract with optimum pharmacological effect. The choices of a suitable solvent and extraction method as well as the selection of a simple and efficient fractionation method are capable of increasing the yield of active compounds in the plant extract. The present article describes some successful methods for preparation of active constituentrich extracts, and their equivalent pharmacological activities compared with their major active constituents.

Active Constituent-Rich Herbal Extracts for Development of Phytomedicine