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Thyroid cancer (TC) is the most common endocrine malignancy. TC incidence has 1 dramatically increased in the recent decades. During the same period no other cancer has increased as much as TC. With the worldwide increase in the incidence of TC, it has become 2–4 the fifth most common cancer in women. In some countries, the incidence of TC has 5 increased extremely fast, and it has been the most common cancer for the last years. Although the etiology of TC is unknown, several risk factors including deficiency or excess of 6–17 such micronutrient as iodine (I) have been well identified. It was also reported that incidence of TC and mortality from this disease increases progressively with advancing 18,19 age. For example, a 37-fold increase in hazard ratio from age <40 years to age >70 years was showed in the study of 3664 TC patients that received surgery and adjuvant treatment at 19 Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center from the years 1985 to 2010. Besides I involved in thyroid function, other chemical elements have also essential physiological functions such as maintenance and regulation of cell function, gene regulation, activation or inhibition of enzymatic reactions, and regulation of membrane function. Essential or toxic (mutagenic, carcinogenic) properties of chemical elements depend on tissue-specific 20 need or tolerance, respectively. Excessive accumulation or an imbalance of the chemical elements may disturb the cell functions and may result in cellular degeneration, death or 20–22 malignant transformation. In our previous study a significant positive correlation between age and some chemical 23–28 element contents in the thyroid was observed. For example, a strongly pronounced Abstract

Variation in Selected Chemical Element Contents Associated with Malignant Tumors of Human Thyroid Gland