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TOPLUMSAL BILINCIN KIRILGANLIĞI VE YAKINSAYAN DISTOPYALAR: KATHARINE BURDEKIN’IN SWASTIKA NIGHT ADLI ROMANININ DURKHEIM’IN KOLEKTIF BILINC KAVRAMI UZERINDEN DEĞERLENDIRILMESI OZ Bilinc, genel olarak bireysel (psikolojik) ve toplumsal (kolektif, sosyolojik) olmak uzere iki kategoriye ayrilmaktadir. Bireysel bilinc, bireyin kendisini ve cevresinde cereyan eden olaylari tanima, algilama, kavrama, fark etme surecinde icsellestirdigi sezgisel degerler, vicdan veya neyin yanlis neyin dogru oldugunu belirleyen ahlaki pusula olarak tanimlanir. Toplumsal bilinc ise bireylerin onceki nesillerden miras aldigi ortak yasam sekillerinden ibaret olan bilince kendi yasam surelerince de zamanin ruhuna uygun eklemlemeler yaparak ortak kurumsal orgutlenmelerde cisimlestirdigi algi, dusunus ve davranis bicimlerinin bileskesi olarak tanimlanir. Oznel olmasi nedeniyle, bir toplumu digerlerinden ayiran bir nitelige sahip olan toplumsal bilinc, bireysel bilincten once olustugu ve ondan sonra da devam ettigi icin bireysel bilincten bagimsiz ve onun otesinde konumlandirilir. Durkheim, toplumlarda bireylerin benzesmelerine dayali mekanik ve bireylerin farkliligina dayali organik olarak sekillenmis iki farkli dayanisma (solidarity) oldugunu, toplumsal bilincin ise bu iki dayanisma sekline paralel gelistigini belirtmektedir. Durkheim, ayni zamanda, toplumsal bilincin devinimi olan toplumsal olaylarin, bireysel bilinclerden bagimsiz gelistigini ve bireyin iradesi (bilinci) uzerinde tahakkum kurup onu sekillendirdigini de ileri surmektedir. Birey veya belli toplum segmentleri icin baski ve tahakkumun had safhada oldugu karanlik bir gelecegi anlatan distopya romanlarinin cogunun kurgulandigi zamanin toplumsal yapilarina bakildiginda, bu toplumlarin daha cok mekanik dayanismali toplumlar oldugu ileri surulebilir. Ingiliz yazar Katharine Burdekin’in Murray Constantine takma adiyla 1937’de yazdigi Swastika Night adli roman da zaman-mekan kurgusunu Hitler’in iktidarda oldugu ve mekanik dayanismali bir toplumsal bilincin tedavulde oldugu bir doneme dayandirmaktadir. Bu dogrultudan hareketle, Burdekin’in feminist distopya kategorisinde degerlendirilen Swastika Night adli romanini, Durkheim’in kolektif bilinc kavrami cercevesinde degerlendiren bu makale, mekanik dayanismali toplumlarda kolektif bilincin daha kirilgan ve gudumlenmeye acik oldugunu ortaya koymayi amaclamaktadir. Anahtar Kelimeler: bilinc, distopya, Burdekin, swastika, Durkheim, kolektif bilinc THE VULNERABILITY OF THE COLLECTIVE CONSCIENCE AND THE LOOMING DYSTOPIAS: READING KATHARINE BURDEKIN’S SWASTIKA NIGHT FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF DURKHEIM’S CONCEPT OF COLLECTIVE CONSCIOUSNESS ABSTRACT Consciousness is generally known to consist of two categories: the individual (psychological) and the social (collective, sociological). The individual consciousness is described as the moral compass, which determines what is wrong or right, or as the intuitive values that the individuals internalize in the process of identifying, comprehending, understanding and realizing themselves and the events taking place around them. As to social consciousness, it refers to the behavioral patterns, perceptions and ways of thinking that have been concretized in the joint institutional organizations by the individuals’ adding the conscience that they inherited from the previous generations with the conscience that they accumulate in accordance with the zeitgeist during their lifespans. Social consciousness, as it is subjective, has a quality that distinguishes one society from others; and as it comes ahead of the individual consciousness and also follows it, it is independent of the individual consciousness and goes beyond it. In a similar vein, Durkheim, too, states that there are two different kinds of solidarity formed up within societies, and that the social consciousness has been shaped up in parallel with these two manners of solidarity: the mechanical, based on the assimilation of the individuals; and the organic, based on the distinctness of the individuals. Durkheim, additionally, argues that social events, which are the flux of social consciousness, develop independently from individual consciousness; and dominate and shape upon the will of the individual. When we look at the social structures of the societies on which dystopian novels, (which describe a dark future in which pressure or domination is overwhelming for individuals or certain segments of society), shape their settings, it can be argued that these societies are more mechanically bounded societies. The novel Swastika Night, written by the English writer Katharine Burdekin in 1937 under the pseudonym Murray Constantine, based its setting on a period when Hitler was in power and a social consciousness with mechanical solidarity was in circulation. In accordance with the explanations above, reading Catharine Burdekin’s Swastika Night, which is categorized as a feminist dystopia in the framework of Durkheim’s collective consciousness, this article aims to underline that the collective consciousness is more vulnerable against manipulations in the societies in which mechanical solidarity prevails. Key Words: consciousness, distopia, Burdekin, swastika, Durkheim, collective conscience

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TOPLUMSAL BİLİNCİN KIRILGANLIĞI VE YAKINSAYAN DİSTOPYALAR: KATHARİNE BURDEKİN’İN SWASTIKA NIGHT ADLI ROMANININ DURKHEIM’IN KOLEKTİF BİLİNÇ KAVRAMI ÜZERİNDEN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ