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During the magnetic superstorm of 13-14 March 1989, approximately 2500 space objects in low Earth orbits (LEO) were “lost” by the U.S. Space Surveillance Network. Modeling disturbance effects on satellite drag intensified throughout the following decades but met with limited success. The launch of the GRACE satellites in 2002 offered new hope for advancing orbit-prediction capabilities under harsh geomagnetic conditions. This paper reviews some recent gains in understanding thermospheric environments based on analyses of GRACE data and an adaptation of the Jacchia [1977] model. We show that exospheric temperatures, and consequent neutral density profiles, can be predicted using either solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field parameters or the Dst index. Here, lessons learned are applied, first to estimate the degree of thermospheric heating during the March 1989 storm then compare results with GRACE measurements during the three largest storms between 2002 and 2008. The highest mass density increases, by about a factor of two, occurred during the 13-14 March 1989 storm. Our analysis suggests that solar EUV fluxes, parametrized by

Thermospheric Dynamics during the March 1989 Magnetic Storm