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and inhabit a variety of environments, from abyssal trenches to shallow marine biotopes, including coral reefs. Several ophidiiforms enter brackish and freshwaters, and a few species are inquilines (e.g. Markle & Olney 1990, Nielsen et al. 1999, Nelson et al. 2016). Despite this remarkable ability to adapt to various environments, the group seems to be rather conservative from a mor­ phological point of view, showing an elongate body with dorsal and anal fins usually continuous and convergent with the caudal fin and thoracic or jugular pelvic fins (if present at all). The group is currently regarded as occupying a basal position within the Percomorphacea (Chen et al. 2014). Although some authors have pointed out that the absence of synapomorphies for the order does not allow the recognition of its monophyletic status (e.g. Rosen 1985), Carnevale & Johnson (2015) reported the exclusion of the supraoccipital from the posterior margin of the neurocranium as a putative synapomorphy of ophidiiforms (see also Howes 1992). Its higher classification is usually considered as relatively stable, with two suborders containing two families each (for details regarding classification see, e.g. Nielsen et al. 1999, Nelson et al. 2016). The fossil record of the Ophidiiformes is well docu­ mented by isolated otoliths that indicates a considerable diversity during the Paleogene (e.g. Nolf 1980, Schwarz hans 1981), with the present diversity consisting of 119 genera and about 531 species (see Nelson et al. 2016) regarded as a residue of the original splendor of the order (Nolf 2013). The skeletal record of the order is remarkably less rich than that of its otoliths. The oldest skeletal record dates back to the Upper Cretaceous (Carnevale & Johnson 2015), with the species Pastorius methenyi, showing that the modern body plan of the group was already in existence at that time. The oldest Cenozoic records based on articulated skeletal remains date back to the Paleocene–Eocene boundary (Eolamprogrammus senectus from Turk ­ me nistan; Daniltshenko 1968) and to the early Eocene (“Ophidium” voltianum from Italy; Ampheristus tolipiacus from England; Carnevale et al. 2014, Schwarzhans et al. 2018). However, a more complete overview of the skeletal record of this group has recently been given by Carnevale & Johnson (2015). Herein, we focus on the skeletal record of ophidiiform fishes from the Oligocene and early Miocene of the Paratethys. The first Oligocene articulated skeletal specimen of an ophidiiform fish was described by Kramberger (1880) as Brotula (?) longipinnata from Nikol čice, Moravia, Czech Republic. Coeval deposits exposed in other localities of the same area have provided additional specimens, some of which were tentatively referred to

Ophidiiform fishes from the Oligocene-early Miocene of Moravia, Czech Republic