English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Zendy Plus

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Zendy Tools

Zendy Open

Secondary hardness due to carbide particles precipitation is a characteristic feature of highspeed steels (HSSs). The most dominant types of carbides responsible for this strengthening effect are MC and M2C ones, other species (M 6 C, M 3 C, M 2 3C 6 ) also being reported. They are typically within 5–30 nm range of size, of elongated shape and reach 3 % volume fraction. In the investigated niobium-titanium HSSs it was found that relatively large M 23 C 6  type carbide particles provide a secondary hardness twice the value encountered in commercial grades produced conventionally or by powder metallurgy. The higher effectiveness of the M 23 C 6  carbides was attributed to their higher volume fraction (approx. 5 %) and favourable plate-like shape. The role of the carbide forming elements in the experimental steels' crystallization and tempering was discussed.

Carbides Precipitation and Secondary Hardening in Niobium-Titanium High-Speed Steels