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The Time–Temperature–Precipitation diagram of  M  23 C 6  carbide formation was established for a Nimonic 105 Ni-based superalloy by means of microstructural observation and mathematical-thermodynamic analysis. The results showed that during heat treatment at 750 °C,  M  23 C 6  carbide usually forms at grain boundaries due to the decomposition of  M C carbides, indicating that the grain boundaries promote  M  23 C 6  carbide precipitation. Also, by increasing temperature or time, diffusion rate increases and new diffusional paths (such as γ matrix and twinning) are provided leading to the nucleation of these phases inside the matrix by means of γ→ M  23 C 6  + γ′ reaction. According to thermodynamic analysis, the interactions between  M  23 C 6  formation Gibbs free energy and diffusion activation energy of elements, especially carbon, defines  M  23 C 6  precipitation behavior. The peak of the Time–Temperature–Precipitation diagram was calculated to be about 900 °C based on experimental results, and about 927 °C based on thermodynamic results. These two temperatures can be considered as approximately equal.

Thermodynamic analysis of precipitation behavior of M 23 C 6 carbide in Nimonic 105 superalloy