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The effect of anodization variables on the morphology and surface properties of oriented titania nanotube arrays (TNAs) was investigated. The arrays were synthesized using hydrofluoric acid based ethylene glycolelectrolyte. The results show that the anodization time plays a significant role in the surface properties as well as length of the nanotubes. However, the contribution of anodization potential to debris formation was found to be negligible within the investigated range of the potential. The F −  ion concentration and aging of electrolyte were found to play crucial roles in the formation of ordered clean nanotubes. The studies conducted by employing these TNAs as photo-anodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) show that the morphology variations alone alter the photovoltaic properties of DSCs to a great extent.

Correlation between anodization variables and surface properties of titania nanotube arrays for dye-sensitized solar cells