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During severe plastic deformation (SPD), a steady-state is usually reached after a certain value of strain (i. e. number of passes during equal-channel pressing or number of rotations during high pressure torsion). The structure and properties of a material in a steady state (including composition of phases) do not depend on those in the starting state before SPD. In other words they are equifinal, and the production of lattice defects is in dynamic equilibrium with defect elimination. Moreover, the SPD-treatment at ambient temperature  T  SP  D  = 300 K is frequently equivalent to the heat treatment at a certain elevated temperature  T  eff  &gt; 300 K. For example, the composition of phases in Cu–Ni, Co–Cu and Nd–Fe–B-based alloys after high pressure torsion corresponds to the states at 200, 890 and 1 170 °C, respectively, and is rather insensitive to the high pressure torsion rate (between 0.2 and 2 rpm) and pressure (between 3 and 8 GPa).

international journal of materials research

Phase transitions induced by severe plastic deformation: steady-state and equifinality: Paper presented at “XV International Conference on Electron Microscopy”, 15–18 September 2014, Cracow, Poland