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Steels with different content of cementite (Armco iron, Ck45 and C80) as well as four different heat treatment conditions of 42CrMoS4 are examined under both uniaxial and four-point bending loading with load reversal regarding the residual stress distribution due to straightening processes. It was found that increasing cementite content and a fine lamellar microstructure increase the developing residual stresses. While uniaxial loading causes only micro stresses, bending loading causes additional macro residual stresses. Due to this, at reversed load residual stresses decrease faster under bending loading than under uniaxial loading. Furthermore, residual stresses originating from bending loading decrease in the outer planes faster than in the inner ones when load is reversed. In general it turned out that every straightening process causes inevitable and characteristic residual stresses.

Residual stress states as a result of bending and straightening processes of steels in different heat treatment conditions